Outline
Introduction
How it happen? - autoimmune process
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis - criteria
Management
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
DMARDs - Disease Modifying Drugs
Physiotherapy
Occupational therapy
Mechanical aids
Surgery
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Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints. It typically affects multiple of small joints such as fingers, wrists, toes and ankles, usually in symmetrical manners ,bilaterally. It is also classified under autoimmune disease as the inflammation occur is caused by the autoimmune process, in which there is presence of autoantibodies that attack normal cells and tissues in the body, in this disease it mainly attack the joint tissues. Women seems to be affected more than men.
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How it happen?
Immune system in our body is a system that function to protect our body from foreign invaders that may impose harm on the body. This system consists of specialized organs, such as thymus bone marrow, spleen, that produce/store specialized cells including B cells,T cells, APCs, monocytes, plasma cells, etc. These cells work by identifying foreign invaders, initiating a complex cascade, causing inflammation and produce antibodies to attack and destroy the foreign invaders.
However, in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, the specialized cells fail to differentiate between the normal tissues and the invaders, they even recognized the normal tissues as the invaders, therefore causing inflammation and produce antibodies to attack them endlessly. The antibodies that attack normal tissues are called 'autoantibodies', which is specifically known as rheumatoid factors in case of rheumatoid arthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis, this process mainly occurs in the joints. It may occurs in other sites, such as heart, kidney , bone marrow, or skin.
The cause is unclear, however, genetic has been suggested to have association with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Signs and symptoms
Inflammation in the joints lead to pain, swelling, stiffness and redness. If this condition left untreated, it may progressively lead to damage of the joints causing permanent deformity and loss of function.
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Diagnosis
There are combination of criteria used by doctors to diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. These includes:
1)Presence of multiple joints inflammation, symmetrical bilaterally, involving the small joints of hands and feet, persist for at least 6 weeks. 2)Subcutaneous nodules, typically over the elbows/fingers. 3)X-ray changes of the joints - periarticular erosions.
Various stages of the disease, from early stage(left picture) to late stage(right picture) |
Subcutaneous nodule over the elbow |
X-ray changes in rheumatoid arthritis |
Detection of rheumatoid factors alone in the absence of above criteria is not sufficient to make the diagnosis. Actually, the main value of rheumatoid factor test is to determine the severity of the disease. Detection of rheumatoid factor in a persistently high concentration indicate the disease is severe. Not all patients with rheumatoid arthritis have rheumatoid factor. There are some patients whose their rheumatoid factor test are negative, this condition is called seronegative rheumatoid arthritis.
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Management
NSAIDs helps especially in the early stage, when pain and stiffnes is the most highlighted issue for the patient at that moment. If NSAIDs is not adequate to control the pain ,corticosteroid usually is very useful as it greatly reduce the inflammation. The most important drugs in the management of rheumatoid arthritis is DMARDs such as methotrexate, as it delays the progression of the disease, however, it can not reverse what has been destroyed. Therefore, the earlier the treatment start, the more benefits patients can get.
Physiotherapy helps to keep the joints move, which is very important, as unmove joints may lead to contracture deformity. Occupational therapy and mechanical aids help patient especially those with permanent deformity (late stage) to overcome the effects of disability by improving their ability to perform basic tasks in their daily living. Surgery might be indicated for those with deformity if much function is desired.
Physiotherapy |
Mechanical aids help with activities daily living |
Reconstruction surgery to restore anatomy and function might be indicated in permanent deformity if much function is desired |
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Closure/tips on rheumatoid arthritis
Although there is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, but, early detection and early proper treatment is important, for example early usage of DMARDs is more beneficial as the progression of the disease can be delayed from the beginning. Other than that, self-management strategies is very helpful. Patients who learns the techniques and skills to manage their arthritis on day to day basis, including pain management, activities limitation, etc, are more confident and happy in their lives.
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Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
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